Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Last Updated: July 3, 2026

Key Points

COPD is a group of lung conditions
Causes breathing difficulties that worsen over time
Mainly affects middle-aged or older smokers
Treatment can help manage symptoms and slow progression

Overview

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung conditions, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that make breathing difficult. These conditions cause inflammation, damage, and narrowing of the airways and air sacs in the lungs. COPD is a common condition primarily affecting middle-aged or older adults who smoke or used to smoke. Many people may not realize they have it in the early stages. The breathing problems typically worsen gradually over time, impacting daily activities. While there's no cure, treatments are available to help keep the condition under control, ease symptoms, and slow its progression. Early diagnosis and intervention are important to prevent significant lung damage.

Signs and Symptoms

Shortness of breath, especially when active
Persistent chesty cough with phlegm
Frequent chest infections
Persistent wheezing
Symptoms gradually getting worse

Things That Increase the Risk

Smoking (main cause)
Long-term exposure to harmful fumes
Long-term exposure to dust
Rare genetic problem (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

Diagnosis

GP asks about symptoms and medical history
Discussion of smoking habits (past or present)
Breathing test (spirometry) to measure lung function
Ruling out other lung conditions like asthma

Treatment & Management

Stopping smoking (most important step)
Inhalers and other medicines to ease breathing
Pulmonary rehabilitation (specialized exercise and education program)
Surgery or lung transplant (for a small number of severe cases)

Prevention

Avoid smoking entirely
Stop smoking if you currently do
Minimize exposure to harmful fumes and dust
Seek help from stop smoking services

Available Treatments

Explore our range of treatment options for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):