Multiple sclerosis

Last Updated: July 3, 2026

Key Points

Affects the brain and spinal cord
No cure, but treatments can manage symptoms
Symptoms vary greatly among individuals
Can involve flare-ups (relapses) and remissions

Overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the brain and spinal cord. This attack damages the protective covering of nerve fibers, disrupting communication between the brain and the rest of the body. The exact cause of this immune system malfunction is not fully understood. MS symptoms can come and go, or slowly worsen over time, affecting movement, vision, balance, and other bodily functions. There are different types of MS, including relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive, each with a distinct pattern of symptom progression. While there is currently no cure for MS, various treatments are available to help slow the disease's progression, manage specific symptoms, and improve a person's quality of life. Management often involves a team of healthcare professionals tailored to individual needs.

Signs and Symptoms

Extreme tiredness (fatigue)
Blurred vision or eye pain
Numbness or tingling sensations
Dizziness or feeling clumsy
Muscle cramps, spasms, and stiffness
Frequent urination or bladder control issues
Problems with memory or concentration
Sexual problems like vaginal dryness or erection issues

Things That Increase the Risk

Being aged 20 to 50
Being a woman (more common in women)
Having a close family member with MS
Smoking
Previous Epstein-Barr virus infection (e.g., glandular fever)

Diagnosis

Referral to a brain and nerve specialist (neurologist)
Assessment of symptoms and medical history
Physical checks of movement, coordination, vision, balance
Blood tests to rule out other conditions
MRI scan of the brain or spinal cord
Lumbar puncture (spinal fluid test)
Nerve message speed tests using sensors

Treatment & Management

Steroid medicine to reduce inflammation
Disease-modifying therapies to reduce relapses
Muscle relaxant medicine for spasms and stiffness
Medication for pain, vision problems, and other symptoms
Physiotherapy for movement and muscle pain
Mobility equipment and home adaptations
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety or fatigue
Cognitive rehabilitation for memory and concentration

Prevention

Avoid smoking to reduce risk
Seek early medical advice for new or worsening symptoms
Regular health check-ups and monitoring
Manage overall health and lifestyle factors

Available Treatments

Explore our range of treatment options for Multiple sclerosis: