Oesophageal Cancer

Last Updated: July 3, 2026

Key Points

Cancer of the food pipe (oesophagus)
Can cause difficulty swallowing
Linked to long-term acid reflux and smoking
Treatment often involves surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy

Overview

Oesophageal cancer is a serious condition where abnormal cells grow in the oesophagus, the tube that carries food from your throat to your stomach. This growth can lead to difficulty swallowing and other digestive issues, significantly impacting a person's quality of life. It often develops slowly over time, with common causes including long-term acid reflux, smoking, and heavy alcohol use. There are two main types: adenocarcinoma, which usually affects the lower part of the oesophagus, and squamous cell carcinoma, typically found in the upper and middle parts. Management typically involves a combination of treatments like surgery to remove the tumour, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, depending on the cancer's stage and type. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and better outcomes.

Signs and Symptoms

Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Unexplained weight loss
Heartburn or indigestion that doesn't go away
Pain or discomfort in the chest or back
Hoarse voice or persistent cough
Vomiting blood
Feeling food stuck in the throat

Things That Increase the Risk

Long-term acid reflux (GERD)
Smoking tobacco
Heavy alcohol consumption
Obesity
Diet low in fruits and vegetables
Barrett's oesophagus (changes in oesophageal lining)
Achalasia (rare oesophageal condition)

Diagnosis

Endoscopy (camera down the throat)
Biopsy (tissue sample taken during endoscopy)
Barium swallow X-ray
CT scan
PET scan
Endoscopic ultrasound

Treatment & Management

Surgery (oesophagectomy to remove part of the oesophagus)
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Chemoradiotherapy (chemotherapy and radiotherapy combined)
Targeted drug therapy
Immunotherapy
Stent placement for swallowing difficulties

Prevention

Stop smoking
Limit alcohol intake
Maintain a healthy weight
Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Manage acid reflux (GERD) effectively
Regular check-ups if you have Barrett's oesophagus

Available Treatments

Explore our range of treatment options for Oesophageal Cancer: