Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Young People

Key Points

Overview

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a condition where a child or young person's brain functions differently from most. This difference can make it hard for them to focus, sit still, or control their impulses, impacting their daily life at home and school. Symptoms typically appear before age 12 and can vary. Some children show more inattentive signs, such as being easily distracted, while others exhibit more hyperactive-impulsive traits, like high energy levels or interrupting. Girls with ADHD may often present with less obvious inattentive symptoms, which can sometimes lead to under-recognition. While many young children can be energetic or easily distracted, ADHD involves persistent patterns that significantly affect their functioning. Various strategies, including lifestyle adjustments, school support, talking therapies, and sometimes medication, can help manage symptoms effectively.

Signs and Symptoms

• Easily distracted
• Difficulty listening or following instructions
• Forgetting everyday tasks
• High energy levels
• Fidgeting or tapping hands and feet
• Talking noisily
• Feeling restless or moving around when expected to sit still
• Difficulty waiting their turn
• Interrupting conversations

Things That Increase the Risk

• Symptoms appearing before age 12
• Co-occurring mental health issues like anxiety or depression
• Co-occurring learning difficulties such as dyslexia
• Being female (inattentive symptoms often overlooked)

Diagnosis

• Discuss concerns with a teacher or school SENCO
• GP appointment to review symptoms and their impact
• Consideration of other conditions (e.g., autism, anxiety)
• Referral for a specialist ADHD assessment
• Assessment by a paediatrician or child psychiatrist
• Specialist talks with child, family, and school staff
• Computer-based tests may be part of the assessment

Treatment & Management

• Lifestyle changes (physical activity, regular sleep, healthy diet)
• Support at school (e.g., splitting tasks, clear instructions)
• Support at home (e.g., to-do lists, reward charts)
• Medication (e.g., methylphenidate) prescribed by a specialist
• Melatonin for sleep problems if other methods fail
• Talking therapies like cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
• Parent training and support groups

Prevention

• Early recognition of potential symptoms
• Seeking professional advice promptly
• Creating supportive home and school environments
• Promoting healthy lifestyle habits (sleep, diet, exercise)

Related Diseases

• Autism
• Tourette's Syndrome
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Dyslexia
• Addictions

Available Treatments

Explore our range of treatment options for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Young People: