Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

Last Updated: July 3, 2026

Key Points

Deliberate injury to female genitals without medical reason
Also known as female circumcision or cutting
Usually affects girls between infancy and age 15
Illegal in many countries, including the UK, and considered child abuse
Causes severe pain and long-term health, sexual, and mental health issues

Overview

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a procedure where female genitals are intentionally cut, injured, or altered without any medical justification. It is also known by other terms like female circumcision or cutting. FGM is typically performed on young girls, most commonly before puberty, between infancy and 15 years of age. This practice is illegal in many countries and is recognized as child abuse due to its severe and lasting harm. It can lead to immediate pain and serious health complications, as well as long-term problems affecting sexual health, childbirth, and mental well-being. There are four main types of FGM, ranging from partial removal of the clitoris to narrowing the vaginal opening. FGM is often carried out by individuals without medical training, using unsterile instruments and without anaesthetics. It is usually performed against a girl's will, often requiring forced restraint. There are no health benefits to FGM; it is a harmful practice driven by cultural, religious, or social beliefs, often passed down through generations.

Signs and Symptoms

Constant pain
Pain and difficulty during sex
Repeated infections
Bleeding, cysts, and abscesses
Problems peeing or holding pee (incontinence)
Depression, flashbacks, and self-harm
Complications during labor and childbirth

Things That Increase the Risk

Family history of FGM (mother, grandmother, female relatives)
Father from a community where FGM is practiced
Being taken abroad during school holidays for the procedure
Family originating from FGM-practicing communities (e.g., Somalia, Eritrea)

Diagnosis

Physical examination by a healthcare professional
Patient's disclosure or concern about FGM
Midwife inquiry during antenatal appointments

Treatment & Management

Specialist FGM services or gynaecologist consultation
Deinfibulation surgery to open the vaginal opening
Therapy for sexual problems caused by FGM
Mental health support for trauma, depression, and anxiety
Specialized care during pregnancy and childbirth

Prevention

Contact police immediately if someone is in immediate danger
Report concerns about FGM risk to child protection helplines
Seek help from a GP or healthcare professional if pressured to have FGM
Carry a Statement Opposing FGM when traveling abroad
Understand the legal penalties for performing or failing to protect from FGM

Available Treatments

Explore our range of treatment options for Female Genital Mutilation (FGM):